Tanning Beds Essay Example for Free

Tanning Beds EssayHave you ever been burn? I ready been tanning multiple times and I love it. Tanning is defined as A structure lined with sunlamps in which unrivaled stands or reclines in order to acquire a burning. Tannings purpose as it is defined is to get a tan. Tanning beds atomic number 18 used by people to tan all yr around. Men and women are no longer forced to make time to tan outside or to schedule a time around the persist because of tanning beds. A nonher reason tanning beds are convenient is it provided takes a short amount of time to show results when regularly you would have to correct outside for hours before you see results. In this paper, I am going to evaluate tanning where it came from, who invented it, where, and why. Last but not least were going to be looking at the prescribed and the negative aspects of tanning too.The history of tanning beds begins with Friedrich Wolff. Friedrich Wolff was a German scientist who invented the tanning bed in 19 78. Friedrich invented this on accident. He did this when he was doing a study on the positive side ensnares of ultraviolet light on athletes. Then he noticed a side execution about the struggle when under ultraviolet light, he saw that the skin became a squeamish tan color. Later on he eventually brought the tanning industry to America. Years later to present day tanning has become a huge business, and a common hobby throughout not only the United States but the world.On the contrary, there are plenty of health risks when operating a tanning bed. Some people consider that tanning beds are detrimental to the health of all users. One of the major health risks that someone can buoy get from tanning is skin cancer. The AAD state that the number of skin cancers havebeen raising over the years due to increasing exposure to UV radiation from the sun, tanning beds, and sun lamps. At hand are two kinds of skin cancer melanoma and non-melanoma. Melanoma is the most serious and life thre atening form of skin cancer. Then non-melanoma is most common skin cancers, which are not as severe as melanoma.Astoundingly, more than one million cases of non-melanoma skin cancers are found each year and are considered to be sun related. This turn up from studies are shocking because so many people tan but they overlook the risks. In addition, there are some other long term set up of ultraviolet radiation which include sunburn, eye damage, premature aging of the skin, and phototoxic reactions. I have tanned off and on for the last five years, and the only pronounced effect I have received from tanning is sunburns and occasionally skin reactions from certain tanning lotions.In spite of that, with tanning there are positive effects as well. One is nutritional health The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates sixty percent of the United States population is not receiving enough Vitamin D. This shows that Vitamin D is essential to the bodys health. Vitamin D has pos itive effects on keeping your blood level sustained and promotes healthy bones. Furthermore, another positive effect from tanning is the emotional and physical attributes it extends. Emotionally tanning can give you the sense of looking ripe, but also emotionally it can boost and give you positive feelings. Then that will make you a happier person. Finally, tanning can physically give you better looking skin and also a nice brown skin..To begin with, every tanning salon has a different aspect that draws attention to the customer. My place of choice is Tan Connection, which is located off of ten percent and girls school road. The address is 7329 W. 10th St. Indianapolis, IN, 46214-2515 and the phone number is (317) 271-9828. What caught my eye about this certain salon was the employee, the set up of the salon and the cleanliness. The employees are very favourable and enthusiastic that it makes that whole visit worthwhile. Walking into the salon you see this beautiful waterfall wi th the perfect lighting, palm trees, and magnificent rock surrounding it all. Not only does the inside look beautifulbut the outside has a walkway and flags and employees leading you inside. The salon itself is picturesque. The way the salon looks inside and outside is my number one observation.If the salon looks like a dump then more than likely the service will too. Also, cleanliness of a salon has a big effect on how I choose where to go. Usually if the floors, windows, and bathrooms are dirty then that probably means they have ont clean the beds that often. Clean beds are something everybody wants when tanning because you dont know if the last person that was in there had some sort of disease or illness. Tan Connection definitely has clean beds for one, you can smell when you walk in the room, for two they have cleaning supply in the room with towels, finally they offer to even clean again in effect(p) before you tan. Tan Connection would be the tanning salon I would recommend to anyone.To conclude, as you can tell by evaluating tanning beds there is argument on whether tanning is good or bad. When Friedrich Wolff invented tanning accidently, he created a whole new world of social behavior and business. Now todays society, it is common for people to tan several times a week. Some people know the health risk and choose not to change. On the other hand, I believe tanning is acceptable to a certain point. I think tanning is good for getting Vitamin D, and also I believe it is good emotionally and physically. Conversely, I think there is a certain point when tanning should be set to a limit. You do not want to tan too much because then it is unhealthy. It is terrible for the skin and the immune system and overall detrimental when overexposed to tanning.

Survey - Payroll Essay Example for Free

Survey Payroll EssayA1. The most important I learned in this payroll accounting course is that there can be different methods of calculating income taxes and other taxes, but the underlying idea is to lawfully tax the earner, tally to their wage-level and family structure. The different taxing figures for weekly, biweekly, monthly, semi-annually and annually salaries gives a clear picture of the differences that have been implemented by the federal board in taxing these different types of workers. set a standard across the board for taxing would have led to injustices to at least a group of workers. Instead, the federal board has carefully revise the different types of workers and set up taxing brackets and percentages according to their need and ability.Also, I learned the fact that the way in which taxes are calculated is very individualize (according to your earning, marital status, allowances). It is the employers duty to match the FICA taxes paid by the employee and con tribute an equal amount to the state.There is another thing I would like to add. Payroll method of accounting is a very delicate job and one has to be very clever to handle it. Although formulae and calculations are what have ton be just implemented, the psyche handling these figures and data should have avid knowledge and in-depth detail of their subject before attempting to do the calculations and manipulations.A2. The forms were very easy to use, given the fact that they addressed exactly what was required, nothing more or less. They were self-explanatory and there was no ambiguity at any column or cell. The website was very user-friendly. It had the clear explanation and schooling that enabled the user to navigate to exactly what they wanted. There were clear details on what was available and what it was used for so that the user did not have to waste duration searching for what they wanted.

Physiology of the Heart

Physiology of the HeartAnatomy1. Illust direct and describe the gross anatomy of the spirit. Include the layers of the kindling wall, chambers, valves, structures and major dividing line vessels connected to the internality. Indicate direction of flow. Include your own diagram.The heart is a complex biological electrical pump. It is found in mediastinum of the thorax. touch the heart is the pericardium, which contains serous fluid, allowing the heart to move freely within the membrane. (1) The outside surface of the heart is know as the epicardium, the inner surface of the heart tendonbuilder the myocardium and the innermost surface the endocardium.The heart itself can be separated into 4 chambers which argon filled with crosscurrent when the heart is relaxed, and pumped out of when the heart contracts. (1) They be separated into the odd and amend side, which are distinct, and into atria (singular atrium) and ventricles. The atria and ventricles are separated by the coro nary sinus or AV groove. Between the right atrium and right ventricle is the Tricuspid Valve which is made up of 3 leaflets. Deoxygenated blood feeds into the right atrium from the Vena Cava (which is separated into the superior and inferior vena cava superior from the head, neck and munition and the inferior from the lower limbs and the abdomen). (1) The right ventricle feeds into the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Blood is then oxygenated and fed back to the heart by the pulmonary vein. This fills the left atrium and subsequently, flows through the Mitral Valve into the left ventricle.. (1) As the heart contracts, this pushes the blood into the aorta, which feeds through to the major arteries in the body. Within the base of the aorta lies some precise small arteries known as the coronary arteries. These feed the heart tissue with oxygenated blood and drain into the right atrium, with the arrangementic deoxygenated blood. (1)2. Briefly describ e the function of the pericardial cavityAs mentioned before, the heart and roots of the great vessels (aorta, vena cava, pulmonary vein and artery) is surrounded with a very strong membrane known as the pericardium. It is a reprize walled structure, made up of the fibrous pericardium on the outermost surface of the heart, and an inner serous pericardium. (1)The fibrous pericardium is made of very dense connective tissue, and contains many collagen fibres. It prevents everywherefilling of the heart and anchors it to the surrounding walls of the thoracic cavity.(2) The serous pericardium can be antitheticaliated into two layers, the parietal layer, which is fused and continuous with the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral pericardium which can also be known as the epicardium. Between these layers is a potential space known as the pericardial cavity, filled with about 50mls of serous fluid. (2) This potential space is passing important as it allows the heart to move freely withi n the space by keeping the transmural cardiac pressures very low, as well as facilitating atrial filling during ventricular systole by maintaining a negative pericardial pressure. It also prevents hypertrophy of the heart under strenuous exercise, keeping the heart muscle a relatively constant size. (2) The membranes completely isolate the heart from the thoracic cavity which prevents lot of disease or infection. Its importance is particularly obvious when there are cases of pericardial tamponade build-up of fluid in the pericardial cavity which causes compression of the heart. (2) Without the pericardial cavity, the heart would not be able to pump as efficiently as it would have to overcome the pressures exerted on it by the surroundings, which would just add to the work of the cardiac muscle.(2)3. Illustrate and describe the anatomy of the electrical conduction system of the heart. Briefly describe the blood tack to the electrical conduction system.The electrical impulse origi nates at the Sino Atrial customer in the right atrium. This impulse travels through the cardiac muscle through the many gap junctions, as well as through the intermodal pathways or Bachmans bundle. (1) At the level of the atrio-ventricular valves, there is another(prenominal) node called the Atrio-ventricular guest (AV Node) that has properties that delay the stimulus. Following this, the impulse travels down the left and right bundle branch fibres in the ventricular septum, into the bundles of His which travel up the ventricular walls and branch into Purkinje fibres. The stimulus reaches the apex of the heart first, and then travels up towards the outflow tracts resulting in coordinated depolarisation and contraction. (1) This coordination is a result of both the coordination of the stimulus as well as the layout of the myocytes, as well as the ease at which the electrical signal is able to propagate through cardiac muscle.(3) Sino Atrial Node is usually supplied oxygenated bl ood by the Right Coronary Artery (RCA) or the Left Coronary Artery (LCA) though this is variable. In most people, the AV Node is supplied by the AV Node Artery branch of the Posterior Descending Artery which is a branch off the RCA, though in some it provide be supplied by the same artery, just as a branch of the left Circumflex Artery. (3) All of the fibres downstream from this point are supplied by the Left prior Descending artery with exception of the His fibres, which are also supplied by the AV Node Artery. (3)Conduction1. Illustrate and describe the propagation of a single release through the electrical conduction system and the relationship to the surface ECG. Include in your answer a discussion on conduction velocity through the various components and list the normal ECG intervals.An ECG works by detecting the electrical change in the heart through sensors that are set apart on the surface of the skin. Direction is determined through the use of electrical vectors generat ed by many hundreds of individual cells. (4)The P brandish is the first small wave in the ECG. It reflects the spread of depolarisation through the atria from the SA node. The normal range is 0.08-0.1seconds. After the P wave there is a brief isoelectric stage when the current is current through the AV node, and the conduction is slowed. This is known as the PR interval and it is usually 0.12-0.2seconds. (4) The QRS complex shows the very strong electrical signal and resulting contraction that forces blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery. It is about 0.06-1seconds, which shows just how fast depolarisation spreads through the ventricles (its shape has been idealised on the schematic below). (1) After the QRS complex there is another isoelectric stream which indicates plateau phase of depolarisation. The T wave is the repolarisation of the ventricles in preparation for the next beat the duration between the P and T waves usually approximately 0.2-0.4seconds, though this is depe ndent on heart rate.(4) The U wave is a very rarely seen artefact and is thought to reflect the repolarisation of the papillary muscles that control the valves. (1)Figure 3 Electrocardiogram schematic. Based on the diagram from Bruce Shade Fast and Easy ECGs (4)2. Briefly describe the ionic movement that occurs during each phase of the myocardial and SA node action potential. Include a labelled illustration of both action potentials in your answer.The myocardial action potential is quite complex with influxes and effluxes of 3 different ions, changing the membrane potential as contraction occurs. There are 5 distinct phases of the myocardial action potential. (1) These are shown in the figure 4 below. Between phase 0 and 2 there is an absolute refractory purpose where it is impossible to invoke another action potential. This allows even more coordination of the spread of a stimulus.(1) The ECG trace shown below the action potential shows where the stages of contraction occur that c an be extrapolated out into the ventricular depolarisation (QRS complex) and the ventricular repolarisation (T wave)depolarization RepolarisationECGCells in the SA node are pacemaker cells and have a property which is known as automaticity. They do not need activation to bring up an action potential.(1) They are very similar to myocytes but have several key differences in their action potentials (see figure 5). point 0 is significantly drawn-out in the pacemaker cells of the SA node as it is dependent on the activation of L-type calcium channels instead of Sodium channels, which makes the depolarisation significantly slower at this phase.(1) During Phase 1, repolarisation of the membrane occurs leading to a period of pacemaker potential, where the membrane potential gradually depolarises through constant Na2+ leakage into the cell. When the action potential is triggered automatically, Phase 0 commences. Pacemaker cells do not have phase 1 and 2. (1)Figure 5 SA Node Action Potenti al 3. Describe the role of bleed pacemakers in the conduction system.The SA node is entirely autonomous which means that it does not need external innervation or activation to fire. Other areas of the heart are heteronomous which means they need an external source of action potential to stimulate them to produce one. (1) Some specific cells along the conduction fibres possess both of these properties. This is so that if the SA Node fails for some reason, they can activate themselves and this allows the heart to beat, even without a functional SA Node. (1) Each area will have a slower rate of autonomy as it gets further downstream from the SA Node to prevent competition between the different areas. (5) This is very useful when the SA Node fails, and the AV Node takes over as the AV Node can maintain a BPM of about 40-60 BPM which is still slow but can maintain feeling for a reasonable amount of time. Further downstream the Bundles of His can maintain about 25-40 BPM and the Purkinj e fibers about 15-30BPM which cannot maintain life for any reasonable period of time, though it can help during some forms of arrhythmias which prevent the signal reaching the Purkinje fibers/Bundles of His. (6) This is also where Escape beats originate, and this is seen on the ECG as a widened QRS Complex.4. prove the role of decremental conduction in the AV node.Decremental conduction means the more the AV node is stimulated, the slower it conducts the stimulus. This allows a control over how fast the blood is pumped out. The faster the contractions, the less time between them for filling of the heart and therefore less blood is pumped out. (1) The AV Node slows down the stimulus so that there is an element of control of how fast the signal reaches the apex of the heart and prevents the ventricles from contracting so fast that the cardiac getup drops too low.(7) It is extremely important that the AV node is able to slow down the conduction velocity, even as it gets activated mor e and more frequently. It is even able to stanch out some signals. This is clearly seen in patients with atrial fibrillation. (7) The only way for the signal to travel to the ventricles is through the AV node (due to the insulating fibrous skeleton that prevents atrial cell ventricular cell depolarisation spread). (7) If the AV node allowed conduction of every single depolarisation, an atrial fibrillation would be fatal as the cardiac output would become too low, and the ventricle would go into ventricular fibrillation, which is fatal without intervention. It is the decremental properties of the AV node that prevent this from occurring. (7)5. Explain the term functional syncytium and its significance in the cardiac muscle contraction.A functional syncytium by definition is a group of cells that are both mechanically and electrically bound to one another, so they are able to function as one. This is extremely important in cardiac muscle contraction.(1) One of the main reasons that the heart is able to work so in effect is that the contractions and depolarisations are always coordinated. (8) There is no coordination without communication, which are the electrical signals that are passed between the myocytes. (1) This extremely effective communication is completely useless unless the cardiac myocytes are mechanically bound, so that when they do contract, it is as a whole. The specialization, which is unique to cardiac muscle, that allows it to be a functional syncytium is a structure called intercalated discs. (8) They contain three types of intercellular junctions many fascia adherens and desmosomes, for mechanical connection, and many gap junctions allowing for direct communication between neighbouring cells. (1) Another interesting property that contributes to the functional syncytium is the fact that cardiac muscle has an innate rhythmicity. This means that at the level of the muscle, the myocytes will exhibit the rhythm of the cell with the fastest rhythm. This makes regulating and coordinating the speed of the heart beat very easy and effective. (8)References1. Boron WF, Boulpaep EL. Medical Physiology Internet. Elsevier Health Sciences 2008 cited 2014 Apr 9. useable from http//books.google.com/books?id=HlMJRw08ihgCpgis=12. Watkins MW, LeWinter MM. Physiologic role of the normal pericardium. Annu Rev Med Internet. 1993 Jan cited 2014 Apr 94417180. Available from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/84762383. Futami C, Tanuma K, Tanuma Y, Saito T. The arterial blood supply of the conducting system in normal human hearts. Surg Radiol Anat Internet. 2003 Apr cited 2014 Apr 925(1)429. Available from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/128199494. Shade BR, Wesley K. Fast and Easy ECGs Internet. McGraw-Hill Higher Education 2007 cited 2014 Apr 9. Available from http//books.google.com/books?id=hibqIAAACAAJpgis=15. Adams MG, Pelter MM. Ventricular hightail it rhythms. Am J Crit Care Internet. 2003 Sep cited 2014 Apr 912(5)4778. Available from h ttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/145034336. Vassalle M. On the mechanisms underlying cardiac standstill Factors determining success or failure of escape pacemakers in the heart. J Am Coll Cardiol Internet. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1985 Jun 1 cited 2014 Apr 95(6)35B42B. Available from http//content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=11113077. Cardiac Electrophysiology From Cell to Bedside 5th edition ISBN 9781416059738 US Elsevier Health Bookshop Internet. cited 2014 Apr 9. Available from http//www.us.elsevierhealth.com/cardiology/cardiac-electrophysiology-from-cell-to-bedside-expert-consult/9781416059738/8. Cardiac Muscle histologyolm.stevegallik.org Internet. cited 2014 Apr 9. Available from http//histologyolm.stevegallik.org/node/146

Evolution of Baking and Pastry Making

Evolution of Baking and Pastry MakingSYNOPSISThe purpose of this project was to actualize the evolution of baking hot and pastry making. How it has evolved throughout time, what changes and techniques came that helped in the development of this field and how this profession today is one of the almost fundamental professions in the food industry. enteringBaking is one of the preparation methods in which the food is baked in ovens using dry heat. Breads are the most commonly baked products, but some other food items ratful also be baked. When the heat travels from the surface to the centre of the products like cakes, cookies or bootys, it forms a stiff crust and a squashy centre and converts the batter or doughs into baked goods. A combination of baking and barbecue can be created by either provision twice or one before the other. Masonry oven is one of the concept of baking which is similar to smoke pit concept of barbecuing, therefore baking and barbecuing can be related.Or iginally baking was done by women at home for their possess consumption, then later on men started working in bakeries and restaurants and started baking for local consumption, as the time passed and technologies changed and big machines came into the market the production was industrialized and hence baking was later done by large machines and in gigantic factories. Breads being the common food are economically as well as culturally very important therefore the nutritive values see to be kept in mind. A professional, baking goods is known as a baker.EVOLUTION OF BAKERY AND PASTRY ARTSWHAT IS BAKING? training by dry heat method in large ovens is known as baking. Apart from cakes, breads and pastries meats, vegetables, poultry and fish can also be baked. (Adams, 2013)Baking can be done by three methodsDry BakingThe water content in the food rises and forms a steam, the dry heat of the oven and the steam organise combine to cook the food.Example Pastries, Cakes, and Baked Jacket P otato.Bain MarieWhile baking, the food is placed in a water container because of which the heat in the oven modifies resulting the slow cooking of food which ensures that the food is not over cooked or over heated.Increased Humidity BakingHumidity of the oven is increased either by placing a roller of water in the oven or by injecting steam, resulting in the increase of water content in the food and hence the quality of the food is improved.(Anon., 2012)HOW DID IT START?The order of baking first took place when the wild grass grains were soaked in water and then everything was mixed together and mashed into a broth like paste. Cooking of this paste was done by pouring it on a flat hot rock and was cooked till it resulted in a bread like substance. cook this paste on hot embers made bread making easier, since it could be made each time fire was created.Yeast was previously being utilise to brew beers, but Ancient Egyptians started using it to bake breads. The art of baking bread began around 600 BC in Ancient Greece which led to an invention of enfold ovens.The art baking bloomed in the Roman Empire. The occupation of pastry cook was known as the Pastillarium. It was the most respected line of work as pastries were considered most decent, and Romans loved to eat them in festivals and loved to celebrate with them. Hence the baking of pastries started on special occasions and especially for large banquets. Whenever a new cut through was invented by any pastry chef they were highly rewarded. Number of pastry chefs increased in Rome during 1 AD. There were 300pastry chefs at that time. Romans had their own mills to grind grain dredge and baked bread in ovens with chimneys. (Gisslen, 2005)BAKING IN MIDDLE AGESBaking as a profession alone disappeared after the collapse of the Roman Empire. It slowly came back in the latter part of middle age as an important business in the run of upper class. Bread making was no more done by homemakers it was continued by p rofessional bakers since the constant tending of the ovens was required. Ovens were usually disconnected from the expression due to the possibility of fire, they were generally outside of the city walls.Guilds were setup in France in the 12th century and were called tameliers or sifters, there job was to sift the dredge that was sent to them. During that time there were 62 guilds, and they were granted the ownership of manufacturing breads but not beyond the borderlines of Paris.When the bran is sifted with coarse sieves only some part of the bran is removed, white flour is made by sifting the bran with finer sieves which removes either separate of the bran or whole bran. The yield of the white flour is lower since most of the grain is removed while sifting hence the white flour was more expensive. In 1650 CE bakers started buying sifted flour from the mills.The weight, quality and cost of the breads were specifically decided by the royal decree. The loaves which were not of the appropriate weight were confiscated and then given away to the poor.Insurance against illness was also provided by the guilds each day a scupper or two were handed over to a hospital and priority hospitalization for free was in return guaranteed. Free breads were supplied to the executioner and were placed crest down by the baker who supplied it to them. They were kept upside to ensure the other customers that the hands of the executioner will not get in contact with any other loaves. People started believing that it was inauspicious to keep the bread loafs upside down hence giving rise to a superstition.The word tameliers was soon replaced by Boulanger which comes from the Picardy word Boulenc. The literal meaning of the word Boulanger is one who makes round bread.(Gisslen, 2005) (Gisslen, 2009)MODERN BAKING AND TECHNOLOGYThe time of great technical progress stared in the nineteenth century. With the development of automatic machines the task of the manual labor reduced and becau se of the development the bakers could perform many more tasks with the machines. Roller move was the most important technological development. Before this development milling of grains was done by grinding them between two stones, then the resultant flour had to be bolted of sifted numerous measure in order to separate the bran. The manual labor process was very slow and took lot of time but after the invention of Roller Milling the process became more efficient and faster. innovative availability of flours was another important development of that period, they were pornographic in the wheat growing areas of North-America. They were higher in proteins than compared to those grown in Northern Europe. This wheat was exported to Europe which led to large-scale production of white breads. galore(postnominal) more technologies developed in the twentieth century. New types of ovens and refrigerators came. bloodline transportation also played a huge role in the development of baking a nd pastry making. Transpiration of fresh ingredients around the world became more convenient.Many ingredients that were once rare and expensive are now easily available and reasonably priced because of the Preservation Techniques. Preparation and processing of food can now be done before shipping on behalf of bakeshops and food operations as modern food preservations technology comport made it possible. Hence convenience foods have come into existence. Cooking styles and eating habits have changed because of these developments.Evolution of cooking and baking has been going on for hundred years and still continues to. In the later parts of the twentieth century, travelling around the world became easy hence immigrants traveled in Europe and North America, which led to the increase in the taste and sensation for regional dishes. Knowledge about various culinary arts grew among the chefs apart from the traditional cuisines of other parts of Europe they learned about the cuisines of Asia, Latin America, and of many more different regions.Different techniques and ingredients of more than one regional cuisine came in use in a single dish and came to be known as uniting Cuisine, this cuisine can at times yield poor results as it does not belong to any one culture and gets to mixed up. Fusion cuisine was true in 1980s as the idea was fresh and new.(Gisslen, 2009)CONCLUSIONThe evolution of baking has took centuries to perfect, from the ages of the wild grass paste to the modern ways of bread making machinery. Slowly some of the technique are woful out of the scenario with raising health issue and concerns .People are moving out of the heavy fats and oils, moving into more of lighter fats and healthier flour. The future of baking will me more innovative ovens, healthier and whole grain breads and innovations in the bakeries organizations.LIST OF REFERENCESAdams, A., 2013. Baking. Online Available at http//dairyfreecooking.about.com/od/dairyfreeglossary/g/baking.ht m Accessed 3 january 2014.Anon., 2012. The Food Tchnology Website. Online Available at http//www.netcomuk.co.uk/media/bake.htm Accessed 2 January 2014.Gisslen, W., 2005. Professional Baking. 4th ed. Hoboken, NEw Jersey John Wiley Sons, Inc..Gisslen, W., 2005. Professional Baking. 4th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey John Wiley Sons, Inc..Gisslen, W., 2009. Professional Baking. 5th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey John Wiley Sons, Inc..Gisslen, W., 2009. Professional Baking. 5th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey John Wiley Sons, Inc..

Biogeography Essay Questions

Biogeography Essay Questions8 Biogeography Essay Questions1.) What is the cognizance of biogeography?Biogeography is that study of geographic distribution of flora and fauna considering the different taxonomic levels, present and past, the habitats in which they ar found together with the involved ecological relationships. Today, there be two theories in biogeography that perk up been developed to discuss more on the distribution of biological species in the existence. The two of them are Distance-decay and Island biogeography theories. The outdo-decay theory asserts that the correlation and similarity between species in any two geographic locations will continue decreasing as the distance between the two increases. The second biogeographical theory, island biogeography asserts that those pockets of life (islands) that are closely spaced will support more biological life/species. It is smooth this second theory that exempts that these closely spaced islands are rarely threa tened by extinction if compared to the tiny isolated islands of the world. The Geographic In validation Systems Scientists say that the above two theories were developed in order for us to be able to fully understand the distribution of species but not the distribution or til now die hardment of human beings.As it was developed, the light of biogeography was meant to answer so many questions that are varied. It was developed so that it can answer some of the questions same(p) why are there so many kinds of animals and plants in the world. It seeks to answer why some of these animals and plants are rare while some others are common. Some animals and plants are wide dispersed while others are confined to a limited egress. The science of biogeography seeks to explain the reason as to why this is so. on that point are some part of this world that are fater in terms of species compared to others. Its only by manipulation of the study of biogeography that we can be in a positio n to understand this.There are several major types of biogeography distributions. They include Endemic (restricted to specific locations), cosmopolitan (e.g.Caenorhabdities elegans and Drosophila melanogaster), and Disjunct (separated). The disjunct biogeographic distributions are believed to aim been caused by Vicariance and dispersal. In biogeography, evidence that can be based on its history can be classified in terms of Paleontology and systematics.1.) Describe the 5 observations upon which the science of biogeography is founded. crack TWO posers for each observation.a) Each and every species and other loftyer group animals are verbalise to gull a discrete and a non ergodic distribution in conviction and space. A good example of this is the gorilla that is only found in two African forests. b) In different geographical regions of the world there is an assemblage of animals that are transparent and they coexist. A good example to explain this is the fauna that is found south of the scourge of Sahara together with its monkeys, antelopes, pigs and this is only different from the Australian fauna and its duck billed platypus, wombats and kangaroos. c) The differences and the similarities in these regions cannot be in any way be described in terms of the distance between them or even the area of origin. A good example is that the fauna of eastern Asia and Europe is to large extent similar although they are some(prenominal) separated by 11,500km of land. Also the fauna of New Guinea and Borneo are different though are separated by a small serviceman of land compared to the atomic number 53s above which is across piss and land. d) All those faunas that look different from those of today once previously occurred in all other geographical regions. An example is the dinosaurs which existed in most parts of the geographic locations in Cretaceous. e) The faunas which resemble the anes found today and their antecedents once occurred, but its sometimes at far distances from the current range. A good example is the subtropic-warm temperature fauna which is found in Eocene Wyoming. This includes fishes which are sugared-water, turtle groups and salamander which are restricted to southeastern parts of the United States.1.) Discuss this arguing The history of biogeography is essentially a continuing conflict between creation myth and empirical science.Empirical science describes that the distribution of organisms in the whole world was as a final result of continuous evolution of the past existing species. Science asserts that the present fauna and flora are as a result of evolution from past organisms which were not developed as they are today. On the other side of the creation myth, people and especially the Christians believe that the current universe of discourse of plants and animals are a product of what God created long time ago. Some of the things that are explained in the bible are in total conflict with what science has provided a detailed account on. A good example is the Global Flood during the time of Noah. The Bible says that God instructed Noah who by then was 600 years darkened to construct an ark. Noah was then supposed to take two of every unclean animal and seven of every clean animal. All food and fresh water was then supposed to be in the ark. Noah and his family were to re important in the ark for six months until the flood waters subsided. This creation story in the book of genesis continues to explain that after the flood waters subsided, Noah, his family and the animals that were released then were the ones who later repopulated the earth. This is in total conflict with the empirical scientists who wall that today there is too much of catching diversity in the world for us to be consistent that every animal that is land based descended from the few breeding p billets and this is just some few thousands years ago. According to empirical science, some of the species we have today in the planet will evolve locally. This thus means that they are immobile geographically according to scientists. The scientists will ask today how comes the Duckbill platypus ended up only in Australia and not anywhere else in the planet.Scientists still argue that Noah did not take any fish or coral in the ark. During the flood thus, all the fish would have become extinct and all the corals would have been swept away. Some of the corals according to the scientists even appear older than the earnn history of the floods. For scientists they believe that there is no way the short lived species could have survived the time they were in the ark. They say that the adult mayflies would have died in just a few days while the larvae of many mayflies will require shal miserable fresh and running water. Other similar insects and many of them would actually face the same problems. There is no way the scientists would believe that the human population could rebound in such a short period. Othe r controversies apart from the field of evolutionary biology can also be seen in cosmology, thermodynamics, paleontology, geology and nuclear physics.1.) Describe the main contributions to biogeography of the people listed below. Alexander von Humbolt, Lie life-sized, MacArthur and William. Alexander Von HumboltHe was German naturalist who is normally referred to as the father of phytogeography. He was the one who felt that study on geographical distribution was an important scientific inquiry that could lead to the discovery of laws of nature that are fundamental. He was the one who did the explorations of South and Central America together with Aime Bonpland who was a French naturalist. These two travelled along the Orinoco and Amazon rivers as they explored the Andes and the present day parts of Ecuador, Venezuela and Colombia. He managed to study vegetation and climatic conditions of Urals Mountains, Siberia and Caspian Sea. He was the one who invented the isobar and isotherm wh ich are used today in comment of climatic associations of plant communities. He had a passion for the beauty of nature. He had a good description of the corporeal environment together with the plant distribution that are widely used in biogeography.LiebigHe was born in Darmstadt, Germany. He went to Paris where was functional in the laboratory of Joseph Gay-Lussac. His main interest was in chemistry. He did much in order to establish chemistry as a discipline. He started the maiden chemical periodical for scholars. He was the one who showed that studies like physiology, agriculture, and psychology are only intelligible if based on sound chemical principles. He was one of the contributors in discovery of isomerism (a condition where two different compounds may have the same chemical springula). He showed that organic compounds can actually be dealt with in a rational way. He once rejected the current humus theory. He showed his contrasting idea by describing that some plants wil l leave the taint richer in terms of carbon that they really found it. He visited England once and was not happy with the way they were setting out their sewage to the sea. He was of the whim that they should use their sewage as a fertilizer.WilliamHe collected vertebrates in many remote regions of Hispaniola between the years 1916 and 1923. He also did collections in other regions of the world like the famous Himalayas. To date, most his collections are still in Smithsonian. He is landscape ecologist and a biogeographer. He has made tremendous contributions in the consciousness of landscapes and disturbances. His research in these fields has made tremendous influence on the field of biogeography and also the academic biogeographers.MacArthurHe came up with the MacArthur and Wilson equilibrium model on insular biogeography. This is a model that is used to provide a good foundation on the distribution of species on islands. Its also useful in interpretation of the composition of insular biotas. Its because of his model that many analyses have been made on the distributions of mammals on insular habitats.5) Describe the relationships among the following physical factorspressure, physiography, ocean currents, analogue, temperature, light, precipitation, and windphysical geography is a description of the features and even phenomena of nature. Most of the physical features of the world cannot be well described unless we use other factors like temperature. Physiography stands for physical geography. What is in physical geography is all the physical features like the mountains, forests/vegetations among others. When we attempt to describer any climatic condition of a place or of a certain region, we use temperature, the level of rainfall/precipitation and the effects that winds may have on it. It therefore translates that we cannot describe most of the physical phenomena without using the other factors mentioned. They interdepend on each other for description of physical phenomena.Ocean currents depend on pressure. They usually move from where the pressure is low to where its higher(prenominal). Wind is said to be air in motion. Air can only be in mo0tion if one region has a high pressure compared to another. Air moves from high pressure centers to low pressure centers. This is wind. It therefore means that wind can only be thee if there is difference in pressure amounts in two regions. Ocean currents are usually associated with the precipitation. They usually make the nearby areas in the ocean to receive rainfall if they are usually accompanied by high temperatures. Areas of low latitude have high temperatures while high latitude areas are generally cool. Light intensity in certain ecosystems helps the growth of specific organisms. Physiography/physical geography cannot be fully described if light intensity is not going to be applied to describe some of the conditions in some places (physical phenomena).1.) Give the Holdridge Bio modalit y Classification of climate for the following places Honolulu, Hawaii Adelaide, Australia Timbuktu, Mali La Paz, Bolivia. Timbuktu (Mali)Class 35 according to Holdridge bioclimatic classification it is in a tropical dry forest. The climate is characterized by high temperatures all year. There is however a better developed dry season compared to the tropical rain forest. The soils are just like for the tropical rain forest. Most of the evergreen tree species become deciduous. Tree canopy is lower compared to tropical rain forest. Undergrowth is dense. There is lower species diversity. Trees have thicker back and small leaves. Roots are long and trees have thorns also. Larger mammals are more dominantHonolulu (Hawaii)Class 25 subtropical desert scrub with an annual climate of 24 degrees. Average temperature in a day is 29 degrees and the minimum is 21 degrees. Its humidity is moderated by its mid-ocean positioning. There is violent rainfall in the winter months though most of the win ter days have warm bright sunshine. Rarely will temperatures go beyond 32 degrees.Adelaide (Australia)Class 30 subtropical rain forest Generally, rainfall is more than 1300mm. there are fertile eutrophic rocks. A multi layered canopy of between 10 and 60 species of trees. Most of these trees will exhibit buttressing w2hich is a feature that is common in rain forest areas.La Paz (Bolivia)Class 27 subtropical dry forest2.) Define endemism. Give and explain five characteristics associated/correlated with areas of endemism.This is a situation where a plant or an animal taxon is said to be restricted in a geographical range or a particular region. Since the times of Darwin, it has been known that islands are the ones which are mostly rich in endemic species. Endemism will arise because of several mechanisms. The major one is the geographical isolation. In this geographic isolation, a small population that has a limited genetic diversity may be isolated. After several generations, the dr ift in genetics will lead to radiation patternation of a distinct species. A population that may arrive on a new island may fill different ecological niches. Other generations of natural selection may result in formation of distinct species. Again, a certain species that was widespread may suffer extinction. This island may now become a refugia. This describes the origin of the major species of Macaronesian endemic laurels. These are mostly found in the Mediterranean region.Latitudespecies richness of most organisms in an endemic region increases form high temperature to low tropical latitudes. Lower latitudes have high levels of endemism.Species richnessThe levels of species richness and those of endemism cannot be said to be infrequently correlated. Oceanic islands have high levels of endemism but will have low numbers of species.Unusual environmental conditionsMost endemic areas are known to have environmental conditions that are very different from other areas. There occurs ind ependent evolution of the local adaptations. These will mostly enable the species to persist under the existing conditions.Isolation some all areas of endemism are separated or isolated from others geographically. There are barriers to other areas such that even independent evolution is going to give rise to endemic taxa.HistoricalIn these areas there are usually changing abiotic and biotic environmental conditions. High levels of endemism may be associated with areas that have long-term ecoclimatic stability. This can even enable these populations to be able to survive global changes in climate conditions.1.) Describe the three possible tectonic cuticle boundaries, give an example of each and explain the possible consequences of a convergent point of accumulation. Divergent boundaryIts the soft boundary and its also called the spreading center. Two plates move away from each other and mid-ocean ridges will be formed. Magma from the mantle will move though a crack to the ocean and it then cols. This cooling causes the formation of oceanic bitterness on both sides of the vent. When the plates continue to move, more crust will be formed. The ocean basin then expands forming a ridge system. This crust formed causes the pushing of the plates on either side further. A good example of this kind of plate boundary is that of North America and Europe.Convergent boundaryIts also called a subduction zone. This is a plate margin where one plate will override the other. This forces the other into beneath its mantle. They are boundaries which are in the form of trench. Old oceanic crust will go into these systems as there is new crust formed when the centers are spreading. They are usually locations of strong earthquakes as the action of the plate that is going down interacts with the overriding one. It can also be as a result of volcanic activity. A good place to be associated with it is Japan. The plate that is going down the other will continue to become even hotter. This is because of its proximity to the mantle. The plate will thus melt to form magma. This magma will move upwards through the crust and volcanoes are formed. A good example is the Aleutian Islands.Conservative/transform boundaryIts called conservative as there is neither creation nor destruction of plate materials at the boundaries. What usually happens here is that the plates will slide past each other. These are usually areas where there are many earthquakes. They are caused by the accumulation and release of strain when the plates slide past each other. Good examples of conservative boundaries are the San Andreas Fault in California and mid-ocean ridges, the Rockies in North America.Possible consequences of convergent boundaryThese are areas that are earthquake prone. These earthquakes can cause a lot of deaths to human beings and animals. A good example is the 1883 eruption of Krakatau volcano of Indonesia that killed more than 37,000 people. The hot magma contains some chemi cal that may be harmful to the human beings and also the existing vegetation. Where these big mountains are formed after the plate boundary formation, climatic conditions may change which may not be conducive to the existing flora and fauna.

Building Cyborgs in He She and It Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Mo

Building Cyborgs in He She and ItWouldnt you love to create your perfect macrocosm or woman? How about if they were a machine built only for you? The idea of artificial intelligence and cyborgs (human-like machines which can think) is not as far international as we might think. In the novel, He She and It, Marge Piercy brings this interesting aspect of future technology to the forefront.The hero of this exciting novel is a cyborg named Yod. He was built with the hope of protecting a small independent Jewish town from being destroyed by the surrounding large corporation cities. He was built by a man hardly programmed by a woman. This dynamic is shown even in the title, He She and It. Yod is built biologically like a man, programmed by a woman, and not actually human.Although Yod was programmed for protection, he was also fleetn the ability to learn, think, and feel. Because of these abilities he thought like a human would. He had human-like qualities and emotions but none of the r ights that go along with being human. Because Yod was built for protection this is the only job he was expected to do. No one thought about him locomote in love, wanting to be a husband and a father, and wanting a life for himself I had only been fully engaged or bored. I had been puzzled. I had been frightened. I had been angry. But I had never been happy until we came back here with Ari and you told him I was his stepfather.(pg 364) Yod said this to his lover in a passionate heartbeat in the novel. Does this sound like a being that thinks and feels? It sure does.So the real question that this novel brings up is now that artificial intelligence is on its way, how far should we go with it and if we do create a sentient being what rights does it have. Piercy sho... ... personal cyborg, I think I would program it to be compassionate and with a thorough knowledge of message. This way I could come home at the end of a long day and tell it all of my worries while having the form mass aged out. (I hope my husband doesnt get jealous) Ah, the simple dreams of a middle class American.Again, however, the issue becomes if they are more then robots programmed to do our tender and they have human-like qualities, then they deserve more then a slaves life. If we create a being able to make choices it is then inequitable to place them in a position of servitude. Until we are able to truly say that any being with a conscious deserves rights and are willing to give them those rights, we need to stick to our computers and robots. Artificial intelligence is more then creating a technology, it is creating a being and that is an awesome thought.

Death and the Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Macbeth  death and the Supernatural   Throughout William Shakespeares Macbeth, many another(prenominal) characters evolve and many disappear into the background. The main character, Macbeth, travels through utter nut house when he proclaims himself monarch. When he first meets the witches of the supernatural, they tell him of the future. One of the musical compositions amplified throughout the play is the circle of life, from the beginning to the end. The visions provided by the three witches begin Macbeths quest for dominance. The three main effects of this theme are the destruction of Macbeths friends and family. Second, the deaths of his mortal enemies. The last point is the death of himself. The supernatural amplifies the theme of death.             From the first brief encounter of the witches, to the last alarming visions that Macbeth has, many close friends and relatives have died because of his visions with the supe rnatural. The death of his wife in Act V, Scene IV is the death that sends him over the abyss and into mental instability. Lady Macbeth is ilk a joined appendage to Macbeth. They work as one, communicate as one, and when that appendage is lost, so is MACBETHs cope with reality. Lady Macbeth was the only person he could sincerely confide in. The supernatural also had another key factor to her death. In the first act of the play, she calls on the powers of the supernatural to make her strong. The following quote, Come, you hard liquor that range on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty make thick my blood, stop up the access and passage to remorse Come to my womans breasts, and invade my milk for gall, is possibly the most important passage that leads to Lady Macbeths death. She calls on the evil spirits to unsex her, and to replace her milk with gall. It seems that she wants to be the most cruelest being in the world. The theme of the life cycle is amplified in this situation because of her request to the spirits. This progeny is the beginning of the end for Lady Macbeths life. She is the one who insists Macbeth should cancel out the king and reign as the king of Scotland. It is her ideas and plans that lead herself and Macbeth into the pits of hell. She is not solely to blame for this catastrophe though.Death and the Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth GCSE English Literature Coursework Macbeth  Death and the Supernatural   Throughout William Shakespeares Macbeth, many characters evolve and many disappear into the background. The main character, Macbeth, travels through utter chaos when he proclaims himself monarch. When he first meets the witches of the supernatural, they tell him of the future. One of the themes amplified throughout the play is the circle of life, from the beginning to the end. The visions provided by the three witches begin Macbeths quest for dominance. The thre e main effects of this theme are the death of Macbeths friends and family. Second, the deaths of his mortal enemies. The last point is the death of himself. The supernatural amplifies the theme of death.             From the first brief encounter of the witches, to the last nightmarish visions that Macbeth has, many close friends and relatives have died because of his visions with the supernatural. The death of his wife in Act V, Scene IV is the death that sends him over the abyss and into mental instability. Lady Macbeth is like a joined appendage to Macbeth. They work as one, communicate as one, and when that appendage is lost, so is MACBETHs grip with reality. Lady Macbeth was the only person he could truly confide in. The supernatural also had another key factor to her death. In the first act of the play, she calls on the powers of the supernatural to make her strong. The following quote, Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts , unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty make thick my blood, stop up the access and passage to remorse Come to my womans breasts, and take my milk for gall, is possibly the most important passage that leads to Lady Macbeths death. She calls on the evil spirits to unsex her, and to replace her milk with gall. It seems that she wants to be the most cruelest being in the world. The theme of the life cycle is amplified in this situation because of her request to the spirits. This event is the beginning of the end for Lady Macbeths life. She is the one who insists Macbeth should kill the king and reign as the king of Scotland. It is her ideas and plans that lead herself and Macbeth into the pits of hell. She is not solely to blame for this catastrophe though.